• Japanese verb has only two tenses:Perfect &Imperfect. It depends upon whether or not the event in question is completed. Thus the perfect can be used even for the future events.
  

• IMPERFECT:

  Positive: ending with "da" or "i".
  
  Negative:ending with "dewa nai" or  "ku nai".
  

• PERFECT:

  Positive:ending with "datta" or "katta".
  
  Negative: ending with "dewa nakkatta" or "ku nakkatta".
  

• Pronouns:

  Kore(This one) Sore(That one) Are(That one over there) Dore(Which one)
  
  Koko(Here) Soko(There) Asoko(Over there) Doko(Where)
  
  Kotchi(This way) Sotchi(That way) Atchi(Over that way) Dotchi(Which way)
  
  

• INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS:

  Dare(Who), Dochi (which), Doko(where), Ikura(how much), Ikutu(how many)
  Itu(when), Nani(what), Nan nin(how many people), Nan gai(what floor), 
  Nnan ji(what time), Nan nichi (what day), Nan gatsu(what month) Nan nen (what year).
  

• Japanese Nouns, generally have no plural forms, neither do they take Articles. To stress plurality, add "tachi" after Nouns indicating people.

  Watakushi(I) -  Watakushi-tachi(we)
  Anata(you)   -  Anata-tachi(you people)
  Kare(he)     -  Kare-tachi(they-male)
  Kanojo(she)  -  Kanojo-tachi(they-female)
  

• When Nouns is inanimated, "Arimasu" is used.
  if animated, "Imasu" is used.

• Adverbs:

  Kou(like this) Sou(like that) Aayu(like that over there) Dou(like how.
  

• Japanese has no Preposition but does have Postpositions. (Dues, many Japanese hv\ave problem communicating in English, which enfasizes preposition).
  Modifying words postlude the word modified.

  ei.:"Eigo no hon" (A book in English)
  
  [Eigo= English, no=in, hon=book]
  
  (de, ni, e, kara, no naka, ni, wa, yori, to, ushiro, shita ni, ueno hou ni,
  ueno hou e, etc)
  

• The postposition "yori" functions like the English "than"

• There are two kinds of Adjectives:
  "i" ending and "na" ending.
  Adjectives

• When you want to ask a question, simply add "ka" at the end of the sentence.

  Kore wa hon desu. (This is a book)
  
  Kore wa hon desu-ka?(Is this a book?)
  

• There are three Adverb denominative(ko, so, aa) and one Adverb interrogative (do).

• Verb usualy come at the end of the sentence.

• All verb can be grouped into three categories:
  1. Stems ending with vowel "e" or "i".
  2. Sterms ending with consonats.
  3. The irregular verbs "kuru"(to come), "Suru" (to do).

• Interrogative Adverb and Adjectives:

  Naze(why) Doo(how) Donna(like what).

  Interrogative can be used as Idenfinites meaning any, ever, some, if you add "demo" or "ka" after it.:

  ei.:Dare demo(anyone)
  
  Dare ka(someone)
  
  Doko demo(anywhere)
  
  Doko ka(somewhere)
  

• Japanese yes(Hai) & no(Iie).
  We say "Hai"(Yes) when we agree with the questioners' literal meaning/prasing and "Iie"(No) when we disagree, regardless of whether the verb in the answer is affirmative or negative.

• Adverbials of frequency:

  Tama ni (from time to time)
  
  Tokidoki(some times)
  
  Nankai mo/ Nan domo (many times)
  
  Yoku (often)
  
  Itsu mo(always)
  
  Itsu demo(any time)
  

• Adverbial of time(duration):

  Juu(Kotoshi-juu)
  
  chuu (gozen-chuu) 
  
  kan (Yonen-kan)
  

  
  
  

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  Lets' practice Japanese conversation!
  
  
  • Lesson 1.

  • Lesson 2.

  • Lesson 3.

  • Lesson 4.

  • Lesson 5.

  • Lesson 6.

  • Lesson 7.

  • Lesson 8.

  • Lesson 9.

  • Lesson 10.